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The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Cover Letter

Nowadays, companies have a computerized system that puts resumes through an online scanner which will automatically reject some applicants and push other applicants through depending on their qualifications.
So, What does this mean for you as a job seeker? Well, the cover letter attached to your application is more important than ever.
We’ve crafted this ultimate guide to cover letters. You’ll find out how to write one that gets read, what to include, and browse tons of templates to gain inspiration.
You can dive straight in, or jump to the section you’d like to read.
What is a cover letter?
A cover letter is a one-page document designed to persuade a hiring manager to interview you. It serves as a supplement to your resume and helps further explain why you’re a great fit for the job.
How long should a cover letter be?
OK, so you’re all fired up and ready to craft the cover letter of the hiring manager’s dream. But how do you manage the fine balance between in-depth and overwhelming?
A good cover letter is long enough to communicate why the recruiter should pick you but not long enough to bore them.
One page is usually enough to cover everything you’ll need to include, without losing the recruiter’s attention. Let’s go into those items in more detail:
Your Name and Address
Kick-off your cover letter by adding your name and address to the document.
This step is pretty self-explanatory, but it allows the recruiter to easily connect your cover letter to your resume (especially if they’re being printed).
Your name and address also make it easier for the recruiter to get in touch with a job offer. And that’s the aim of our letter, right?
Their Name and Address
Similarly, you should add the name and address of the company or person you’re writing to.
This shows you’ve done your research and allows the hiring manager to receive your letter if it’s sent to a generic company email address.
The Date of Writing
Make it easier for the hiring manager to file your application by including the date on your cover letter.
Even if you’re not successful this time around, the company might store your letter and refer back to it when they’re hiring for another position.
Why You’re Writing the Letter
We know that the aim of a cover letter is to persuade the hiring manager you’re the best fit for their job.
Before you get to the good stuff, be sure to highlight the role you’re applying for, as that can get lost.
Something like this will usually do the trick:
“I’m writing to discuss the content strategist role at HubSpot.”
Why You’re a Perfect Fit for the Job
The next section of a cover letter structure is the fun part. It’s where you’ll convince the hiring manager they should hire you.
In this section, answer these questions:
- Why should this company hire you?
- What skills do you have that will help complete the job better than anyone else?
- What makes you a good employee?
- What qualifications do you have that are relevant to the role?
Once you’ve answered these, the recruiter will have a solid understanding of who you are, and (hopefully) be convinced to bring you on for an interview.
What You Can Offer the Company
Have you ever heard the advice to “always sell yourself in a job application”? That concept can be applied to cover letters as well.
Businesses measure success in terms of results. The company looking for a new employee will want to know what they bring to the table and how you fit into their business goals. New candidates are rarely brought on board solely for the soft skills listed in their resume.
That’s why this part of your cover letter structure is arguably the most important.
In two paragraphs or less, show the business what you can do — and provide examples of how you’ve done it before.
Not only does this give you the opportunity to show off your skills, but the company can picture the success you’ll bring to their business by hiring you.
Your Availability
In the marketing world, we’re always told the importance a call-to-action can make.
Great cover letters end with a brief section on the candidate’s earliest start date.
How to Format a Cover Letter
How to Address a Cover Letter
Earlier, we mentioned the importance of addressing the hiring manager by their name and address. This proves you’ve done your research and ensures the cover letter lands in the right place.
Personalized letters will always outperform generic ones, so including the first name of the recruiter can go a long way.
But in a world where privacy is held close to our chest, you might need to do a bit of digging before finding the hiring manager’s name.
Luckily, you can use the power of the internet to do this.
How to Find a Hiring Manager’s Name
Head over to LinkedIn and find the company’s profile page.
You can do this by entering their name into the search bar or searching for a link to their LinkedIn page on their company website.
Then, click the number of employees to see all employees who are on LinkedIn:
You’ll then see a list of all employees along with their titles. Simply work your way through this list to find the most relevant contact.
Keep in mind that some employees do not have LinkedIn profiles, so you may not find them using this tactic. If you’re unable to track down the hiring manager’s name, a simple “Dear Hiring Manager” will work.
How to Open a Cover Letter
After you’ve addressed the cover letter to the most relevant person, you’ll want to:
- Introduce yourself.
- List the role you’re interested in.
- Explain your interest.
Here’s an example:
“Dear Hiring Manager,
As an avid reader of the HubSpot Blog for the past five years, I am thrilled to submit my application for the content strategist role. I believe that my five years of experience working for B2B SaaS companies have equipped me with the skills needed to thrive in this role.”
In the next two paragraphs, highlight your relevant experience and include key details from each role.
How to Close a Cover Letter
Once you’ve covered
Here are some great options:
- Looking forward to hearing from you
- Sincerely
- Best Regards
Then, sign the cover letter with your full name.
Should you include salary requirements?
The cover letter should focus on why you are a good fit for the role. Discussing salary requirements doesn’t fit at this stage of your application.
Instead, it’s best to wait until you speak to a recruiter or someone from HR to discuss your expectations.
Are cover letters necessary?
Today, in many industries, cover letters are listed as optional. The question is, should you include one if it’s optional?
The answer isn’t exactly clear-cut.
Some research would suggest that cover letters may not hold the same weight as they once did. However, a cover letter can help you stand out among the competition.
In a 2021 Job Seeker Nation Report by JobVite, 69% of surveyed workers believed getting a job will be much harder or somewhat harder than in previous years. With this in mind, adding a cover letter to your application is a great way to stand out.
Writing a cover letter will allow you to:
- Communicate with the hiring manager.
- Rely on more than just bullet-pointed lists in your resume.
- Build your personal brand.
In short: Cover letters aren’t absolutely necessary, but they do have stark advantages. If there’s an option to upload one when applying for any job, do it — even if it’s not required.
How to Write a Cover Letter
Writing a cover letter can be tricky. Even the best writers can struggle with communicating their skills in the right manner, but these tips will help you create a job-winning document.
The structure of your cover letter is arguably the most important thing about writing one.
Not only does a good structure help you to organize your points effectively, but it can help a hiring manager to quickly review the details you’re sharing.
Featured Resource: 5 Free Cover Letter Templates
Download these free cover letter templates to write a stand-out cover letter.
7 Tips for Writing Great Cover Letters
So, you’ve crafted a cover letter and you’re almost ready to hit send.
Before attaching to your resume and hoping for the best, use these seven tips to make sure your cover letter is as great as can be.
1. Keep it succinct.
Earlier, we mentioned how the best cover letters strike the perfect balance in their length.
Our best tip for writing cover letters is to avoid adding fluff that fails to add value. Every line should highlight why you’re the best fit for the role.
In addition, cut the jargon and corporate-speak that hiring managers have heard before.
Yes, professionalism is important, but be harsh and critical when editing your cover letter. If a sentence doesn’t add value, get rid of it.
2. Tailor it for the company and position you’re applying for.
The one-size-fits-all approach doesn’t fit well with cover letters.
You’re applying for different roles at various companies, but don’t let a change in name and address be the only updates you make.
Remember that a cover letter should explain why you should be hired for a specific role instead of anyone else. It’s highly unlikely that multiple companies will hire for exactly the same position, so take some time to personalize your cover letter for every position you’re applying for.
3. Don’t repeat what’s on your resume.
Although cover letters are submitted along with resumes, be wary of making them carbon copies of one another.
Instead, use the documents to compliment each other by:
- Including new skills.
- Elaborating on how your qualifications would help you in the role.
- Sharing how specific experience gives you an advantage over other candidates.
If you need to include the same thing in both documents, add “as listed in my resume …” rather than copy and pasting the same content.
4. Include data-backed examples.
When referencing experience from your resume, use your cover letter as an opportunity to explain in detail — with examples.
Examples allow the company to picture the success you could bring if they hired you, rather than the person next in their resume pile. But, data-backed examples give an extra edge.
Let’s use an example. Which of these options is more impressive?
- I increased leads for the company.
- I increased leads by 35% in one month through a single blog post, which became the company’s highest lead driver.
It’s option B, right? That’s because it’s descriptive and shows results.
5. Tell a story.
Following on from the previous step, you could elaborate on your data-backed examples by telling a story.
Storytelling helps with relatability and gives a hint of your personality in a cover letter. It also makes the recruiter remember your cover letter amongst a sea of other one-page documents in their review pile.
However, this cover letter tip comes with a warning: Don’t overdo it and make sure it’s relevant.
6. Get a second pair of eyes on it.
Even the best writers make mistakes, but they can leave a negative first impression.
That’s why our sixth cover letter tip is to get a second pair of eyes on it.
Email it to a friend or ask a family member to glance over it before you hit “send.” Ask them to highlight any spelling mistakes or suggestions to improve how you’re communicating with the person reading it.
You never get a second chance to make a first impression. Seeing as though a cover letter is one of the first documents a recruiter sees, try to make it perfect.
7. Be unique.
Finally, make your cover letter unique.
If you’re applying for a creative role, experiment with colors, subheadings, and layouts.
If you’re applying for more of a traditional role, be wary. Not everyone is a fan of bright, bold cover letters, but you can scope your limits by getting a feel of their company culture.
Are they strict and professional, or does the company like to have fun? (You can usually get a feel of this from their website or social media profiles.)
Testing the level of uniqueness can be a case of trial and error. If you’re not getting great reactions from your cover letter, revise and try again.
Cover Letter Examples
We understand that inspiration can go a long way. That’s why we’ve created a one-stop-shop for cover letter examples, which are available to view here.
You’re also free to browse our collection of cover letter samples for extra inspiration on formatting your cover letter and learning from those who’ve helped to land dream jobs.
Now you’re fully equipped to write a cover letter that will help you get your foot in the door.
Editor’s note: This post was originally published in September 2018 and has been updated for comprehensiveness.
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5 Steps To Better Brainstorming That Works

Re:Think Innovation author Carla Johnson warns content marketers about brainstorming without doing anything to prime the work.
Omitting the critical preparation step, she says, prevents fresh inspiration. It can also lead to ideas that lack the proper audience focus, don’t align with your content strategy, and fall outside execution capabilities.
To help marketers avoid that trap, Carla developed an approach to generating valuable, viable innovation ideas. She calls it the Perpetual Innovation Process (PIP).
PIP shifts your team from their legacy thought patterns to surface novel ideas and manifests them into actionable marketing. It also builds a path around the pitfalls of traditional brainstorming.
Shift your #content team from legacy thought patterns to surface novel ideas and actionable marketing, says @joderama via @CMIContent. Klicka för att tweeta
Here’s what the process involves and how you can use it to bring more exciting, innovative ideas to market.
Follow the Perpetual Innovation Process
Think of a marketing challenge for which you need an innovative solution. For example, you may struggle to think of a unique theme for a new brand podcast or create an event that advances your thought leadership.
Carla details each step in Re:Think Innovation, but with her permission, I’ve summarized the key points:
Set the stage
You need to know where you hope to arrive. So, before you start the perpetual innovation process, create an objective statement that puts the critical elements into focus.
“Setting an objective creates consensus about the outcome you’re ultimately looking to achieve. It helps you decide what problem you want to solve and how it bubbles up to your goal. It also aligns your team around the work that will need to get done,” Carla says.
Use Carla’s simple template (below) to set that objective. Fill in the blanks to detail why you need ideas, what they’re meant to accomplish for your business, and what constraints you’ll face on the way:
- The intention: “We need ideas to ___.”
- The impact: “So we can ____.”
- The realistic conditions: “With these constraints ____.”
Establish a brainstorming objective: We need ideas to ____, so we can _____, with these constraints _____ via @CarlaJohnson @joderama @CMIContent. Klicka för att tweeta
Carla says constraints are part of the equation to come up with innovative ideas rather than just creative ones. “Anybody could have an amazing idea if they didn’t have to work within constraints like budget and time,” she says.
Setting real-world boundaries pushes a more disciplined form of thinking. “It provides a more cohesive view of your brand, which can spark opportunities to tell bigger, more impactful stories than the ones you initially envisioned,” Carla says.
Seek inspiration and make purposeful connections
Next, set your objective aside (you’ll return to it later) and work through the five steps in Carla’s innovation framework. In the end, not only will you have a stream of actionable ideas, but you can pitch them to secure stakeholder buy-in:
Step 1: Observe. Pay attention to the world around you, using all your senses. For example, you might see children, a ball, a few squirrels, or some trees if you’re outside. If you close your eyes, you might hear music playing faintly somewhere, smell food cooked on a grill, or feel a warm breeze.
You don’t need to ascribe any meaning to your observations or focus on an objective. Simply be mindful of your surroundings and write each detail you notice.
Step 2: Distill. Scrutinize those individual details and discern their meaning in relation to each other. Look for similarities and categorize them into larger groups and patterns. For example, if you group children and a ball, that might bring to mind the idea of play; the sound of music and the smell of the grill could connect to ideas of entertainment or friendship.
Step 3: Relate. See where opportunities might exist to tell a bigger story about your brand. Compare the similarities and differences in the identified patterns and look for ways they might fit into your working world.
Ask yourself: “How might we transplant the ‘essence’ of friendship into our event challenge?” Or, “How might we apply the idea of play to the theme of our podcast?”
Not all patterns will translate but remember: There are no wrong connections, just ones that may not fit your needs. Prioritize the most evident connections to your business for step four.
Step 4: Generate. Solidify those abstract ideas into real possibilities. Take the broad list of how-might-we questions from the previous step and generate as many content ideas as possible for each. Don’t set any limitations. In fact, the wilder and crazier your ideas are, the closer you get to a truly innovative – and executable – idea. Form them as what-if questions, such as “What if we tried to …” or “What if we combine X and Y into …?”
Systematically probe the viability of each one after the ideas stop flowing. Use the constraints from your objective statement to make go or no-go decisions on which to develop. Whittle the go idea list by asking practical questions. For example:
- Does the idea align with the brand’s priorities?
- Is it something the audience needs right now?
- Does the team have the bandwidth and budget to see it through?
- Will implementation require unavailable capabilities or technologies?
- Will other functional teams need to get involved?
Step 5: Pitch. You’ve already done the hard work by the time you reach this step. Carla refers to the pitch as “the journey of an idea, told in the form of a story.” If you can’t pitch the idea so others will understand and embrace it, you’ll never get it off the ground.
If you can’t pitch an idea so others embrace it, you’ll never get it off the ground, says @CarlaJohnson via @joderama @CMIContent. Klicka för att tweeta
Tell the story of your idea, starting with observe (step one) and working the idea through generate (step four). Present that story through the lens of your audience. Think about what matters to them and how your idea will fit into their world as a cultural product.
Formulate three versions of the pitch – 30 seconds, 90 seconds, and five minutes. Practice delivering each one until you are comfortable enough to deliver them to your stakeholders.
Prepare to conquer your innovation challenges
With a systematic process for generating fresh – and properly focused – ideas, your team can rev up your creative output – and ramp up your ability to add real value to your brand’s experience.
Editor’s note: This article originally appeared in CCO.
HANDPLOCKAT RELATERAT INNEHÅLL:
Omslagsbild av Joseph Kalinowski/Content Marketing Institute
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Moz Links API: Tryck på varje slutpunkt i Python

The purpose of this Jupyter Notebook is to introduce the Moz Links API using Python. This should work on any notebook hosting environment, such as Google Colab.
If you’re looking at this on Github, the code snippets can be copy/pasted into your own notebook environment. By the time you’ve run this script to the bottom, you will have used every Moz Links API endpoint, and can pick the parts you want for your own project. The official documentation can be found here.
Confused? Be sure to check out my intro to the Moz Links API.
Do global imports
The import statements at the top of a Python program are used to load external resources that are not loaded by default in the Python interpreter. These resources may include libraries or modules that provide additional functionality to the program.
Import statements are usually placed at the top of a program, before any other code is executed. This allows the program to load any necessary resources before they are needed in the program.
Once the resources have been loaded using import statements, they can be used anywhere in the program, not just in the cell where the import statement was written. This allows the program to access the functionality provided by the imported resources throughout its execution.
The libraries here not part of the standard Python library are requests och sqlitedict. You can install the with pip-installationsförfrågningar och pip install sqlitedict in your terminal or a Jupyter cell. If you’re using Anaconda, requests is pre-installed.
import json import requests from headlines import * from pprint import pprint from sqlitedict import SqliteDict as sqldict
Load login values from external file
The code below reads a file named “linksapi.txt” from the “assets” directory, which contains the login credentials, including the access ID and secret key needed to access the Moz API. These credentials are extracted from the file and assigned to two variables named ACCESSID och SECRETKEY. The with statement is used to ensure that the file is properly closed after it’s been read. Create a file whose contents look like this with your credentials manually retreived from moz.com:
ACCESSID: mozscape-1234567890 SECRETKEY: 1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef
Once the credentials are extracted from the file, they are stored in a tuple named AUTH_TUPLE. This tuple can be used as an argument to the Moz API functions to authenticate and authorize access to the data.
The purpose of this approach is to avoid hard-coding sensitive login credentials directly in the program, which could pose a security risk if the code was shared or published publicly. Instead, the credentials are kept in a separate file that is not included in the repository, and can be easily created and updated as needed. This way, the code can be shared without exposing the credentials to the public.
with open("../assets/linksapi.txt") as fh: ACCESSID, SECRETKEY = [x.strip().split(" ")[1] for x in fh.readlines()] AUTH_TUPLE = (ACCESSID, SECRETKEY) # Don't show contents
Configure variables
In this code, there are several configuration variables that are used to set up the API call to the Moz Links API.
The first variable, COMMON_ENDPOINT, is a constant that stores the endpoint URL for the Moz API. The second variable, sub_endpoint, is a string that represents the endpoint subpath for the anchor text data, which will be appended to the COMMON_ENDPOINT URL to form the complete API slutpunkt URL.
The fourth variable, data_dict, is a dictionary that contains the parameters for the API request. In this case, the data_dict specifies the target URL for which we want to retrieve anchor text data, the scope of the data (in this case, page-level), and a limit of 1 result.
Finally, the json_string variable is created by converting the data_dict dictionary into a JSON-formatted string using the json.dumps() function. This string will be used as the request body when making the API call.
These variables are used to configure and parameterize the API request, and can be modified to perform any data_dict request against any Moz Links API sub_endpoint.
COMMON_ENDPOINT = "https://lsapi.seomoz.com/v2/" sub_endpoint = "anchor_text" endpoint = COMMON_ENDPOINT + sub_endpoint data_dict = {"target": "moz.com/blog", "scope": "page", "limit": 1} json_string = json.dumps(data_dict)
Actually hit the API (ensure success)
In JupyterLab, the last line of a code cell is automatically printed to the output area without requiring an explicit print() statement. The code you provided is using the requests module to send a POST request to a URL url with data in the form of a JSON string json_string. The authentication details are passed using the AUTH_TUPLE variable.
After sending the request, the response object r is printed using the print() statement. This will print the HTTP status code, such as 200 for success, 404 for not found, etc., along with the response headers.
Finally, the .json() method is called on the response object svar to parse the response data as JSON and return it as a Python dictionary. This dictionary can be assigned to a variable, used for further processing, or simply printed to the output area without requiring an explicit print() statement due to JupyterLab’s automatic printing behavior for the last line of a code cell.
response = requests.post(endpoint, data=json_string, auth=AUTH_TUPLE) pprint(response.json())
Outputs:
{'next_token': 'JYkQVg4s9ak8iRBWDiz1qTyguYswnj035nqjRF0IbW96IGJsb2e58hGzcmSomw==', 'results': [{'anchor_text': 'moz', 'external_pages': 7183, 'external_root_domains': 2038}]}
List Sub-endpoints
This code defines a list of different sub-endpoints that can be appended to a common URL prefix to make different API endpoints. An API endpoint is a URL where an API can be accessed by clients. It is a point of entry to the application that acts as a gatekeeper between the client and the server. Each endpoint is identified by a unique URL, which can be used to interact with the API.
In this code, the list of sub-endpoints is defined in the sub_endpoints variable, and each endpoint is represented as a string. The for loop iterates over the list, prints the index number and name of each sub-endpoint using the print function, and increments the index by 1. The enumerate function is used to generate a sequence of pairs consisting of an index and a value from the list.
This code is useful for exploring the available endpoints for a particular API and for selecting the endpoint that corresponds to the desired functionality. By changing the sub-endpoint in the URL, clients can access different resources or perform different operations on the server.
sub_endpoints = [ "anchor_text", "final_redirect", "global_top_pages", "global_top_root_domains", "index_metadata", "link_intersect", "link_status", "linking_root_domains", "links", "top_pages", "url_metrics", "usage_data", ] for i, sub_endpoint in enumerate(sub_endpoints): print(i + 1, sub_endpoint)
Outputs:
1 anchor_text 2 final_redirect 3 global_top_pages 4 global_top_root_domains 5 index_metadata 6 link_intersect 7 link_status 8 linking_root_domains 9 links 10 top_pages 11 url_metrics 12 usage_data
Human-friendly labels
This code defines two lists: names och descriptions. The names list contains human-friendly labels for the set of sub-endpoints, while the descriptions list provides a brief description of each endpoint. The two lists are kept in the same order as the points list defined earlier in the code.
By keeping the three lists in the same order, they can be “zipped” together into a single list of tuples using the zip function. This produces a new list where each tuple contains the name, endpoint, and description for a particular API endpoint. This makes it easy to display a user-friendly summary of each API endpoint with its name and description.
De zip function combines the elements of the three lists element-wise, creating a tuple of the first elements from each list, then a tuple of the second elements, and so on. The resulting list of tuples can be iterated over, and each tuple unpacked to access the individual name, endpoint, and description elements for each API endpoint.
names = [ "Anchor Text", "Final Redirect", "Global Top Pages", "Global Top Root Domains", "Index Metadata", "Link Intersect", "Link Status", "Linking Root Domains", "Links", "Top Pages", "URL Metrics", "Usage Data", ] descriptions = [ "Use this endpoint to get data about anchor text used by followed external links to a target. Results are ordered by external_root_domains descending.", "Use this endpoint to get data about anchor text used by followed external links to a target. Results are ordered by external_root_domains descending.", "This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.)", "This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.)", "This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.)", "Use this endpoint to get sources that link to at least one of a list of positive targets and don't link to any of a list of negative targets.", "Use this endpoint to get information about links from many sources to a single target.", "Use this endpoint to get linking root domains to a target.", "Use this endpoint to get links to a target.", "This endpoint returns top pages on a target domain.", "Use this endpoint to get metrics about one or more urls.", "This endpoint Returns the number of rows consumed so far in the current billing period. The count returned might not reflect rows consumed in the last hour. The count returned reflects rows consumed by requests to both the v1 (Moz Links API) and v2 Links APIs.", ] # Simple zipping example list(zip(names, sub_endpoints, descriptions))
Outputs:
[('Anchor Text', 'anchor_text', 'Use this endpoint to get data about anchor text used by followed external links to a target. Results are ordered by external_root_domains descending.'), ('Final Redirect', 'final_redirect', 'Use this endpoint to get data about anchor text used by followed external links to a target. Results are ordered by external_root_domains descending.'), ('Global Top Pages', 'global_top_pages', 'This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.)'), ('Global Top Root Domains', 'global_top_root_domains', 'This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.)'), ('Index Metadata', 'index_metadata', 'This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.)'), ('Link Intersect', 'link_intersect', "Use this endpoint to get sources that link to at least one of a list of positive targets and don't link to any of a list of negative targets."), ('Link Status', 'link_status', 'Use this endpoint to get information about links from many sources to a single target.'), ('Linking Root Domains', 'linking_root_domains', 'Use this endpoint to get linking root domains to a target.'), ('Links', 'links', 'Use this endpoint to get links to a target.'), ('Top Pages', 'top_pages', 'This endpoint returns top pages on a target domain.'), ('URL Metrics', 'url_metrics', 'Use this endpoint to get metrics about one or more urls.'), ('Usage Data', 'usage_data', 'This endpoint Returns the number of rows consumed so far in the current billing period. The count returned might not reflect rows consumed in the last hour. The count returned reflects rows consumed by requests to both the v1 (Moz Links API) and v2 Links APIs.')]
Show an example request for each endpoint
This is a list of API requests in Python dict format, where each dictionary represents a request to a specific endpoint. Don’t hurt your brain too much trying to read it. Just know that I lifted each example from the original Moz documentation and listed them all here in order as nested Python dicts.
You could call the format is a dict of dicts, where each sub-dictionary corresponds to a specific endpoint, same order as the sub_endpoints, names, och descriptions lists for easy combining. The output of running the below cell is doing that list-combining to document every sub_endpoint.
dict_of_dicts = { "anchor_text": {"target": "moz.com/blog", "scope": "page", "limit": 5}, "links": { "target": "moz.com/blog", "target_scope": "page", "filter": "external+nofollow", "limit": 1, }, "final_redirect": {"page": "seomoz.org/blog"}, "global_top_pages": {"limit": 5}, "global_top_root_domains": {"limit": 5}, "index_metadata": {}, "link_intersect": { "positive_targets": [ {"target": "latimes.com", "scope": "root_domain"}, {"target": "blog.nytimes.com", "scope": "subdomain"}, ], "negative_targets": [{"target": "moz.com", "scope": "root_domain"}], "source_scope": "page", "sort": "source_domain_authority", "limit": 1, }, "link_status": { "target": "moz.com/blog", "sources": ["twitter.com", "linkedin.com"], "source_scope": "root_domain", "target_scope": "page", }, "linking_root_domains": { "target": "moz.com/blog", "target_scope": "page", "filter": "external", "sort": "source_domain_authority", "limit": 5, }, "top_pages": {"target": "moz.com", "scope": "root_domain", "limit": 5}, "url_metrics": {"targets": ["moz.com", "nytimes.com"]}, "usage_data": {}, } for i, sub_endpoint in enumerate(sub_endpoints): h1(f"{i + 1}. {names[i]} ({sub_endpoint})") print(descriptions[i]) h4("Example request:") pprint(dict_of_dicts[sub_endpoint]) print()
Outputs:
# 2. Final Redirect (final_redirect) Use this endpoint to get data about anchor text used by followed external links to a target. Results are ordered by external_root_domains descending. Example request: {'page': 'seomoz.org/blog'} [...]
Write a function that hits the API
If we’re going to hit an API over and over in mostly the same way, we want to spare ourselves re-typing everything all the time. That’s why we define functions. That’s the def in the below cell. Once that cell is run, the moz() function can be used anywhere in this Notebook. You need only feed it the sub_endpoint you want to use and a Python dict of your request. It will return the API’s response.
def moz(sub_endpoint, data_dict): """Hits Moz Links API with specified endpoint and request and returns results.""" json_string = json.dumps(data_dict) endpoint = COMMON_ENDPOINT + sub_endpoint # Below, data is a string (flattened JSON) but auth is a 2-position tuple. response = requests.post(endpoint, data=json_string, auth=AUTH_TUPLE) return response
This does not output anything to the screen. It just defines the function.
Conditionally hit the API
The code uses a Python package calledb which provides a persistent dictionary-like object that can be stored on disk using the SQLite database engine. The with statement in the code sets up a context manager for the SqliteDict object, which automatically handles opening and closing the database connection. The database file is stored at ../dbs/linksapi.db
The code iterates through each sub-endpoint in the sub_endpoints list, and checks if that data has already been retrieved. If it hasn’t, the API is called using the moz() function and the result is saved in the SqliteDict. The db.commit() statement ensures that any changes made to the dictionary during the iteration are saved to the database.
The SqliteDict serves as a local cache to prevent the API from being hit every time the code block is run if the data has already been collected. By using this cache, the code reduces the number of API requests required, which is useful when working with APIs that have quota limits. Congratulations, you’re using a database!
with sqldict("../dbs/linksapi.db") as db: for sub_endpoint in sub_endpoints: if sub_endpoint not in db: print(sub_endpoint) result = moz(sub_endpoint, dict_of_dicts[sub_endpoint]) db[sub_endpoint] = result db.commit() print("API hit and response saved!") print() h2("Done")
This does not output anything to the screen. It saves the results of the API-calls to a local database.
Show the locally-stored API responses
This code uses the sqldict context manager to open the SQLite database containing the previously retrieved API data. It then iterates over the keys in the database, which correspond to the endpoints that were previously retrieved.
For each key, the code prints the endpoint name, description, and the data retrieved from the API. The pprint function is used to print the JSON data in a more human-readable format, with indentation and line breaks that make it easier to read.
with sqldict("../dbs/linksapi.db") as db: for i, key in enumerate(db): h1(f"{i + 1}. {names[i]} ({key})") print(descriptions[i]) print() pprint(db[key].json()) print()
Outputs:
1. Anchor Text (anchor_text) Use this endpoint to get data about anchor text used by followed external links to a target. Results are ordered by external_root_domains descending. {'next_token': 'KIkQVg4s9ak8iRBWDiz1qTyguYswnj035n7bYI0Lc2VvbW96IGJsb2dKBcCodcl47Q==', 'results': [{'anchor_text': 'moz', 'external_pages': 7162, 'external_root_domains': 2026}, {'anchor_text': 'moz blog', 'external_pages': 15525, 'external_root_domains': 1364}, {'anchor_text': 'the moz blog', 'external_pages': 7879, 'external_root_domains': 728}, {'anchor_text': 'seomoz', 'external_pages': 17741, 'external_root_domains': 654}, {'anchor_text': 'https://moz.com/blog', 'external_pages': 978, 'external_root_domains': 491}]} 2. Final Redirect (final_redirect) Use this endpoint to get data about anchor text used by followed external links to a target. Results are ordered by external_root_domains descending. {'page': 'moz.com/blog'} 3. Global Top Pages (global_top_pages) This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.) {'next_token': 'BcLbRwBmrXHK', 'results': [{'deleted_pages_to_page': 11932076, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 23942663640, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 21555752652, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 64700, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 3688228, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 3516235, 'domain_authority': 96, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 5042652519, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 31163, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 12375460748, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 11393036086, 'external_pages_to_page': 118102549, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 91362310623, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 83283626903, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 0, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 445730476, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 432323198, 'http_code': 5, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 0, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 701121, 'last_crawled': '2023-01-15', 'link_propensity': 1.76710455e-05, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 2, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 31163, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 12375623717, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 11393036179, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 980, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 3696150, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 3622349, 'page': 'www.facebook.com/Plesk', 'page_authority': 100, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 1810872, 'pages_from_page': 0, 'pages_from_root_domain': 5289, 'pages_to_page': 118102549, 'pages_to_root_domain': 91368257043, 'pages_to_subdomain': 83288001442, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 0, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 447189164, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 433411292, 'root_domain': 'facebook.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 0, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 32, 'root_domains_to_page': 491956, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 59416650, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 50993087, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'www.facebook.com', 'title': ''}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 5828966, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 79909678, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 79909678, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 16552, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 98416, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 98416, 'domain_authority': 94, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 1177381629, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 453328699, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 1643990147, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 1643990147, 'external_pages_to_page': 456279611, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 2808523112, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 2808523112, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 125, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 24941546, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 24941546, 'http_code': 3, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 723, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 252606, 'last_crawled': '2023-01-14', 'link_propensity': 0.118001014, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 121166, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 453328699, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 1644293277, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 1644293277, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 67627, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 9800973, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 4959747, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 4959747, 'page': 'wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog', 'page_authority': 100, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 1731019, 'pages_from_page': 0, 'pages_from_root_domain': 1080338, 'pages_to_page': 456293004, 'pages_to_root_domain': 2817137385, 'pages_to_subdomain': 2817137385, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 125, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 25449067, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 25449067, 'root_domain': 'wordpress.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 0, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 204262, 'root_domains_to_page': 9878742, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 12653294, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 12653294, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'wordpress.com', 'title': ''}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 3904778, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 23942663640, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 21555752652, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 11671, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 3688228, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 3516235, 'domain_authority': 96, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 5042652519, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 4449343, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 12375460748, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 11393036086, 'external_pages_to_page': 59602588, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 91362310623, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 83283626903, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 12625, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 445730476, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 432323198, 'http_code': 5, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 1632, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 701121, 'last_crawled': '2023-01-16', 'link_propensity': 1.76710455e-05, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 2, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 4449343, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 12375623717, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 11393036179, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 28624, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 3696150, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 3622349, 'page': 'www.facebook.com/home.php', 'page_authority': 100, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 1810872, 'pages_from_page': 0, 'pages_from_root_domain': 5289, 'pages_to_page': 59602589, 'pages_to_root_domain': 91368257043, 'pages_to_subdomain': 83288001442, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 12626, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 447189164, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 433411292, 'root_domain': 'facebook.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 0, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 32, 'root_domains_to_page': 239697, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 59416650, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 50993087, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'www.facebook.com', 'title': ''}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 3440567, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 3440700, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 3440700, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 60839, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 60840, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 60840, 'domain_authority': 1, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 7, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 288, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 1499, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 1499, 'external_pages_to_page': 140954613, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 140959216, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 140959213, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 70, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 70, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 70, 'http_code': 200, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 0, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 0, 'last_crawled': '2018-02-05', 'link_propensity': 0.3998428881, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 12, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 805, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 288, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 10799, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 10799, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 2, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 7, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 30, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 30, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 30, 'page': 'music.skyrock.com/', 'page_authority': 100, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 2546, 'pages_from_page': 61, 'pages_from_root_domain': 3382, 'pages_to_page': 140956009, 'pages_to_root_domain': 141008586, 'pages_to_subdomain': 141008583, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 70, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 70, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 70, 'root_domain': 'music.skyrock.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 19, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 1018, 'root_domains_to_page': 10609865, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 10609868, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 10609868, 'spam_score': 9, 'subdomain': 'music.skyrock.com', 'title': 'Blog de Music - DES NEWS, DES CLIPS, DES INTERVIEWS - ' 'Skyrock.com'}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 64159924, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 17641375891, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 336246205, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 63574, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 1728606, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 234073, 'domain_authority': 100, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 19281720347, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 34635431, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 7885369442, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 184067821, 'external_pages_to_page': 285612569, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 55013651418, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 1492976347, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 593282, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 250423075, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 5678006, 'http_code': 302, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 1072, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 231256, 'last_crawled': '2023-04-01', 'link_propensity': 0.006248265505, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 991472, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 34635436, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 7948674425, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 184068512, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 182393, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 126656, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 2322389, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 304381, 'page': 'youtube.com/', 'page_authority': 100, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 41258009, 'pages_from_page': 0, 'pages_from_root_domain': 11109186, 'pages_to_page': 285612606, 'pages_to_root_domain': 55255620288, 'pages_to_subdomain': 1493073570, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 593282, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 263224806, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 5678383, 'root_domain': 'youtube.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 0, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 257791, 'root_domains_to_page': 598403, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 23134271, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 1927717, 'spam_score': 4, 'subdomain': 'youtube.com', 'title': ''}]} 4. Global Top Root Domains (global_top_root_domains) This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.) {'next_token': 'BcLbRwBmrXHK', 'results': [{'domain_authority': 100, 'link_propensity': 0.006248265505, 'root_domain': 'youtube.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 23134271, 'spam_score': 4, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 0, 'pages': 0, 'redirect_pages': 0}}, {'domain_authority': 100, 'link_propensity': 0.008422264829, 'root_domain': 'www.google.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 14723695, 'spam_score': 14, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 0, 'pages': 0, 'redirect_pages': 0}}, {'domain_authority': 100, 'link_propensity': 0.0001607139566, 'root_domain': 'www.blogger.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 30580427, 'spam_score': -1, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 0, 'pages': 0, 'redirect_pages': 0}}, {'domain_authority': 99, 'link_propensity': 0.04834850505, 'root_domain': 'linkedin.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 12339087, 'spam_score': 1, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 0, 'pages': 0, 'redirect_pages': 0}}, {'domain_authority': 99, 'link_propensity': 0.006264935713, 'root_domain': 'microsoft.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 5344181, 'spam_score': 11, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 0, 'pages': 0, 'redirect_pages': 0}}]} 5. Index Metadata (index_metadata) This endpoint returns the top 500 pages in the entire index with the highest Page Authority values, sorted by Page Authority. (Visit the Top 500 Sites list to explore the top root domains on the web, sorted by Domain Authority.) {'index_id': 'NE+lX5bFh06baS9ojUwVbw==', 'spam_score_update_days': ['2019-02-08', '2020-03-28', '2020-08-03', '2020-11-13', '2021-02-24', '2021-05-19', '2021-08-16', '2021-11-02', '2022-02-01', '2022-05-10', '2022-11-16']} 6. Link Intersect (link_intersect) Use this endpoint to get sources that link to at least one of a list of positive targets and don't link to any of a list of negative targets. {'next_token': 'AcmY2oCXQbbg', 'results': [{'domain_authority': 100, 'matching_target_indexes': [0], 'page': 'www.google.com/amp/www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-aliso-viejo-shooting-20171012-story,amp.html', 'spam_score': 14, 'title': ''}]} 7. Link Status (link_status) Use this endpoint to get information about links from many sources to a single target. {'exists': [False, False]} 8. Linking Root Domains (linking_root_domains) Use this endpoint to get linking root domains to a target. {'next_token': 'IokQVg4s9ak8iRBWDiz1qTyguYswnj035qBkmE3DU+JTtwAVhsjH7R6XUA==', 'results': [{'domain_authority': 99, 'link_propensity': 0.006264935713, 'root_domain': 'microsoft.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 5344181, 'spam_score': 11, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 0, 'pages': 2, 'redirect_pages': 0}}, {'domain_authority': 98, 'link_propensity': 0.02977741137, 'root_domain': 'wordpress.org', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 12250296, 'spam_score': 2, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 2, 'pages': 2, 'redirect_pages': 0}}, {'domain_authority': 96, 'link_propensity': 0.09679271281, 'root_domain': 'github.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 2948013, 'spam_score': 2, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 12, 'pages': 12, 'redirect_pages': 0}}, {'domain_authority': 96, 'link_propensity': 0.004641198553, 'root_domain': 'amazon.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 5023132, 'spam_score': 28, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 0, 'nofollow_pages': 0, 'pages': 2, 'redirect_pages': 0}}, {'domain_authority': 95, 'link_propensity': 0.005770479795, 'root_domain': 'shopify.com', 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 2948087, 'spam_score': 1, 'to_target': {'deleted_pages': 3, 'nofollow_pages': 0, 'pages': 0, 'redirect_pages': 0}}]} 9. Links (links) Use this endpoint to get links to a target. {'next_token': 'AVvpJ4gPPvOY', 'results': [{'anchor_text': 'moz blog', 'date_disappeared': '', 'date_first_seen': '2020-06-29', 'date_last_seen': '2023-01-14', 'nofollow': True, 'redirect': False, 'rel_canonical': False, 'source': {'deleted_pages_to_page': 570, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 1251501128, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 1182759912, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 34, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 322790, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 314554, 'domain_authority': 96, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 863103308, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 1407, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 667480081, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 650421076, 'external_pages_to_page': 3710, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 5309615021, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 5086141938, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 14, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 143685025, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 142061138, 'http_code': 200, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 2, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 180014, 'last_crawled': '2023-01-14', 'link_propensity': 0.09679271281, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 199, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 7541042, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 1407, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 678014273, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 660443683, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 93, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 564314, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 58, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 186407, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 171632, 'page': 'github.com/mezod/awesome-indie', 'page_authority': 68, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 7254823, 'pages_from_page': 202, 'pages_from_root_domain': 8613796, 'pages_to_page': 3746, 'pages_to_root_domain': 5628821927, 'pages_to_subdomain': 5352019489, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 14, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 145613441, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 142856036, 'root_domain': 'github.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 96, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 702214, 'root_domains_to_page': 231, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 2948013, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 2857538, 'spam_score': 2, 'subdomain': 'github.com', 'title': 'GitHub - mezod/awesome-indie: Resources for ' 'independent developers to make money'}, 'target': {'deleted_pages_to_page': 169073, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 19022927, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 18554702, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 1457, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 27522, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 27273, 'domain_authority': 91, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 45290099, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 7388, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17425478, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17269297, 'external_pages_to_page': 553261, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 69376449, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 68746190, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 265, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 41112725, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 41109338, 'http_code': 200, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 2219, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 28779, 'last_crawled': '2023-04-02', 'link_propensity': 0.008849279955, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 209067, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 7388, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17442464, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17285191, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 55943, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 1727, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 37789, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 37690, 'page': 'moz.com/blog', 'page_authority': 69, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 7872618, 'pages_from_page': 7, 'pages_from_root_domain': 343751, 'pages_to_page': 906052, 'pages_to_root_domain': 98442581, 'pages_to_subdomain': 97352802, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 746, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 47575576, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 47570092, 'root_domain': 'moz.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 5, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 69667, 'root_domains_to_page': 9712, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 179884, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 178649, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'moz.com', 'title': 'The Moz Blog [SEO] - Moz'}, 'via_redirect': False, 'via_rel_canonical': False}]} 10. Top Pages (top_pages) This endpoint returns top pages on a target domain. {'next_token': 'BXULGXd3IggK', 'results': [{'deleted_pages_to_page': 1963527, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 19022927, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 18554702, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 6527, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 27522, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 27273, 'domain_authority': 91, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 45290099, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 9684724, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17425478, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17269297, 'external_pages_to_page': 14981546, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 69376449, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 68746190, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 3632556, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 41112725, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 41109338, 'http_code': 200, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 10580, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 28779, 'last_crawled': '2023-04-01', 'link_propensity': 0.008849279955, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 209067, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 9684724, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17442464, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17285191, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 55943, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 8749, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 37789, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 37690, 'page': 'moz.com/', 'page_authority': 74, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 7872618, 'pages_from_page': 7, 'pages_from_root_domain': 343751, 'pages_to_page': 15343034, 'pages_to_root_domain': 98442581, 'pages_to_subdomain': 97352802, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 3633007, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 47575576, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 47570092, 'root_domain': 'moz.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 5, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 69667, 'root_domains_to_page': 41190, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 179884, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 178649, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'moz.com', 'title': 'Moz - SEO Software for Smarter Marketing'}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 185579, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 19022927, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 18554702, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 2440, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 27522, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 27273, 'domain_authority': 91, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 45290099, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 11211, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17425478, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17269297, 'external_pages_to_page': 424268, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 69376449, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 68746190, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 348, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 41112725, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 41109338, 'http_code': 200, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 1389, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 28779, 'last_crawled': '2023-04-03', 'link_propensity': 0.008849279955, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 209067, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 11211, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17442464, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17285191, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 55943, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 2487, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 37789, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 37690, 'page': 'moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo', 'page_authority': 72, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 7872618, 'pages_from_page': 7, 'pages_from_root_domain': 343751, 'pages_to_page': 786960, 'pages_to_root_domain': 98442581, 'pages_to_subdomain': 97352802, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 365, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 47575576, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 47570092, 'root_domain': 'moz.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 5, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 69667, 'root_domains_to_page': 15276, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 179884, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 178649, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'moz.com', 'title': "Beginner's Guide to SEO [plus FREE quick start " 'checklist] - Moz'}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 7159, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 19022927, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 18554702, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 1382, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 27522, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 27273, 'domain_authority': 91, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 45290099, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 8605, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17425478, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17269297, 'external_pages_to_page': 34152, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 69376449, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 68746190, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 70, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 41112725, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 41109338, 'http_code': 200, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 782, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 28779, 'last_crawled': '2023-04-03', 'link_propensity': 0.008849279955, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 209067, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 8754, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17442464, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17285191, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 55943, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 1380, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 37789, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 37690, 'page': 'moz.com/google-algorithm-change', 'page_authority': 70, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 7872618, 'pages_from_page': 420, 'pages_from_root_domain': 343751, 'pages_to_page': 35181, 'pages_to_root_domain': 98442581, 'pages_to_subdomain': 97352802, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 73, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 47575576, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 47570092, 'root_domain': 'moz.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 60, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 69667, 'root_domains_to_page': 8881, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 179884, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 178649, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'moz.com', 'title': 'Moz - Google Algorithm Update History'}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 33133, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 19022927, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 18554702, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 1192, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 27522, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 27273, 'domain_authority': 91, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 45290099, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 31500, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17425478, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17269297, 'external_pages_to_page': 70673, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 69376449, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 68746190, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 77, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 41112725, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 41109338, 'http_code': 301, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 315, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 28779, 'last_crawled': '2023-04-02', 'link_propensity': 0.008849279955, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 209067, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 31628, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17442464, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17285191, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 55943, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 1689, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 37789, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 37690, 'page': 'moz.com/researchtools/ose/', 'page_authority': 70, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 7872618, 'pages_from_page': 0, 'pages_from_root_domain': 343751, 'pages_to_page': 344305, 'pages_to_root_domain': 98442581, 'pages_to_subdomain': 97352802, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 78, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 47575576, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 47570092, 'root_domain': 'moz.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 0, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 69667, 'root_domains_to_page': 8086, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 179884, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 178649, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'moz.com', 'title': ''}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 169073, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 19022927, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 18554702, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 1457, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 27522, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 27273, 'domain_authority': 91, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 45290099, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 7388, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17425478, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17269297, 'external_pages_to_page': 553261, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 69376449, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 68746190, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 265, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 41112725, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 41109338, 'http_code': 200, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 2219, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 28779, 'last_crawled': '2023-04-02', 'link_propensity': 0.008849279955, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 209067, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 7388, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17442464, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17285191, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 55943, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 1727, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 37789, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 37690, 'page': 'moz.com/blog', 'page_authority': 69, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 7872618, 'pages_from_page': 7, 'pages_from_root_domain': 343751, 'pages_to_page': 906052, 'pages_to_root_domain': 98442581, 'pages_to_subdomain': 97352802, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 746, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 47575576, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 47570092, 'root_domain': 'moz.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 5, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 69667, 'root_domains_to_page': 9712, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 179884, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 178649, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'moz.com', 'title': 'The Moz Blog [SEO] - Moz'}]} 11. URL Metrics (url_metrics) Use this endpoint to get metrics about one or more urls. {'results': [{'deleted_pages_to_page': 1963527, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 19022927, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 18554702, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 6527, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 27522, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 27273, 'domain_authority': 91, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 45290099, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 9684724, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17425478, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17269297, 'external_pages_to_page': 14981546, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 69376449, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 68746190, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 3632556, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 41112725, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 41109338, 'http_code': 200, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 10580, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 28779, 'last_crawled': '2023-04-01', 'link_propensity': 0.008849279955, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 209067, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 9684724, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 17442464, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 17285191, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 55943, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 8749, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 37789, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 37690, 'page': 'moz.com/', 'page_authority': 74, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 7872618, 'pages_from_page': 7, 'pages_from_root_domain': 343751, 'pages_to_page': 15343034, 'pages_to_root_domain': 98442581, 'pages_to_subdomain': 97352802, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 3633007, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 47575576, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 47570092, 'root_domain': 'moz.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 5, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 69667, 'root_domains_to_page': 41190, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 179884, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 178649, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'moz.com', 'title': 'Moz - SEO Software for Smarter Marketing'}, {'deleted_pages_to_page': 249094, 'deleted_pages_to_root_domain': 224212706, 'deleted_pages_to_subdomain': 898844, 'deleted_root_domains_to_page': 3696, 'deleted_root_domains_to_root_domain': 177001, 'deleted_root_domains_to_subdomain': 9251, 'domain_authority': 95, 'external_indirect_pages_to_root_domain': 156562794, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_page': 163849, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 72093550, 'external_nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 294697, 'external_pages_to_page': 1165187, 'external_pages_to_root_domain': 514661963, 'external_pages_to_subdomain': 2310818, 'external_redirect_pages_to_page': 3049, 'external_redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 4827448, 'external_redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 8140, 'http_code': 301, 'indirect_root_domains_to_page': 1439, 'indirect_root_domains_to_root_domain': 30315, 'last_crawled': '2023-03-31', 'link_propensity': 0.02704063244, 'nofollow_pages_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_pages_from_root_domain': 97163, 'nofollow_pages_to_page': 163881, 'nofollow_pages_to_root_domain': 72644206, 'nofollow_pages_to_subdomain': 294765, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_page': 0, 'nofollow_root_domains_from_root_domain': 22711, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_page': 5647, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_root_domain': 178651, 'nofollow_root_domains_to_subdomain': 11590, 'page': 'nytimes.com/', 'page_authority': 82, 'pages_crawled_from_root_domain': 13567138, 'pages_from_page': 0, 'pages_from_root_domain': 3152122, 'pages_to_page': 1170498, 'pages_to_root_domain': 763781494, 'pages_to_subdomain': 2489707, 'redirect_pages_to_page': 3053, 'redirect_pages_to_root_domain': 9268395, 'redirect_pages_to_subdomain': 14273, 'root_domain': 'nytimes.com', 'root_domains_from_page': 0, 'root_domains_from_root_domain': 366864, 'root_domains_to_page': 25307, 'root_domains_to_root_domain': 2200598, 'root_domains_to_subdomain': 62699, 'spam_score': 1, 'subdomain': 'nytimes.com', 'title': ''}]} 12. Usage Data (usage_data) This endpoint Returns the number of rows consumed so far in the current billing period. The count returned might not reflect rows consumed in the last hour. The count returned reflects rows consumed by requests to both the v1 (Moz Links API) and v2 Links APIs. {'rows_consumed': 254}
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