Canonicalization is complex and often misunderstood. I don’t think most of the duplicates are nefarious. It’s mostly going to be technical issues that cause them. We’ll look at this more in a bit. I’m going to talk about how the canonicalization process works as well as:

A lot of different signals go into the canonicalization process. These include:

• Duplicates
• Canonical link elements
• Sitemap URLs
• Internal links
• Redirects

Google looks at all the different signals and weighs them to determine what the canonical version should be. That’s the version of the page they will index and what they usually show to users.

A potential scenario when Google decides on the canonical based on internal links and the canonical URL.

Duplicates

With duplicate content, Google will pick a canonical version to index. All the eligible pages form a cluster of pages, and the signals that go to the pages in that cluster will consolidate at the chosen canonical. That canonical may even change over time.

Some SEOs believe there is a duplicate content penalty, but that’s not true. Generally, you’re going to have one version or another indexed. It may not be the version you want to be indexed, but it will be indexed and rank just as well as any other version of the same page.

Here are some examples of what can cause duplicate pages and sometimes canonicalization issues:

• HTTP and HTTPS variants (e.g., http://www.example.com and https://www.example.com)
• Non-www and www variants (e.g., http://example.com and http://www.example.com)
• URLs with and without trailing slashes (e.g., https://example.com/page/ and https://example.com/page)
• URLs with and without capital letters (e.g., https://example.com/page/ and https://example.com/Page/)
• Default versions of the page such as index pages (e.g., https://www.example.com/, https://www.example.com/index.htm, https://www.example.com/index.html, https://www.example.com/index.php, https://www.example.com/default.htm, etc.)
• Alternate versions of pages. This could include mobile versions (e.g., example.com and m.example.com), AMP versions (e.g., example.com/page and amp.example.com/page), print versions (e.g., example.com/page and example.com /page/print), alternate versions meant for other countries but containing the same content (e.g., example.com/en-us/, example.com/en-gb/, example.com/en-au/), or versions in a dev or staging site (e.g., dev.example.com).
• URL parameters (e.g., example.com?parameter=whatever). These may exist because of tracking codes, faceted navigation, sorting content, session IDs, etc. There are some instances where parameters may change the page’s content so that it’s not a duplicate.
• Other pages showing the full content. Google may choose the wrong canonical when another page displays the content in full. This may include the main blog page, paginated pages, tag pages, category pages, or feed pages.
• Scraped or syndicated content. Content syndication best practices generally recommend having a canonical tag back to the original content or at least a link to the original content. That’s because the canonical chosen can be a completely different domain. They try to select the original source as the canonical, but in some cases, they choose the wrong page.

Most of these aren’t usually issues. As I mentioned, Google will usually choose one version or another as the canonical. There are a few exceptions to this.

1. Sometimes with content syndication, the original source isn’t chosen as the canonical. This is a real problem. How would you feel if someone else started ranking for an article you wrote?
2. Hreflang does not solve duplication on international sites. Google will generally try to swap to show the correct version, but it’s not guaranteed, and this setup often breaks. When this happens, users see pages from the wrong country. It’s best to avoid having the same content on multiple pages for international websites.
3. With some JavaScript sites (typically app shell models), the initial code for the pages can look like other pages or even the code from other websites. Sometimes these pages get canonicalized to other pages on the same or even different websites.

I believe part of the problem with both hreflang and the JavaScript content is that Google may be running the duplicate detection via crawl algorithms that detect duplication patterns, again after just seeing the code, and yet again after rendering the pages.

Google’s render path marked up where I believe duplicate detection systems are run.

Google’s render path marked up where I believe duplicate detection systems are run.

With the pages using hreflang, if they decide that the pages are duplicates without crawling them, they may not be able to swap them properly.

Before a page is even rendered, it may “look” like another page based on the HTML content. Google may choose the canonical based on this initial version and may not prioritize it for rendering because it’s already deemed a duplicate page. This usually resolves itself after rendering, but it can take some time to clear up.

Google has a couple of rules they generally follow when it comes to canonicalization of duplicates.

1. They prefer HTTPS pages over HTTP pages

They will generally index the HTTPS version, but there are a few issues or conflicting signals that may cause them to choose the HTTP version instead, such as:

• Having an invalid security certificate
• HTTPS page links to HTTP resources on the page (excludes images)
• HTTPS redirecting to HTTP
• HTTPS page having a rel=“canonical” link element pointing to the HTTP page

2. They prefer shorter URLs over longer URLs

This has been misconstrued over the years by SEOs to say that all your URLs should be shorter. But that’s not what was meant by the original statement. What Google said was that if you had, for instance, a clean short version of a URL and a longer version with parameters attached, they would generally choose the shorter version of the URL without the parameter as the canonical version.

Canonical link element

This is also commonly referred to as a canonical tag. It looks like this:

<link rel=”canonical” https://www.example.com />

The canonical tag is sometimes referred to as a hint because it’s just one canonicalization signal. Google ignores it if other signals are stronger.

If the canonical tag is respected, all signals like links will pass. However, if the canonical is ignored, no value is passed. The value isn’t lost; it stays with the original page or goes to whatever page Google chooses as the canonical.

A canonical link element can be implemented in two different ways. It can be in the <head> section or the HTTP header.

A fun anecdote. Google’s SEO Starter Guide used to be a PDF. They didn’t have a canonical tag set in the HTTP header, and people used to “steal” the listing with their own duplicate version.

Sometimes the <head> section of a page will end before it should. This is usually caused by a tag in the <head> not closed out properly. When that happens, a canonical tag may be put into the <body> section instead. If that happens, your canonical tag won’t be respected.

Invalid canonical tag located in the <body> section

Sitemap URLs

The URLs you include in your sitemap are also a canonicalization signal. Most of the time, you only want to include URLs of pages that you want to be indexed.

There are some exceptions to this because sitemap URLs also help with crawling. After a website migration, you should create a sitemap that still lists the old pages, even though they aren’t canonical. This will help the redirects be processed faster. You’ll want to delete this sitemap after most of the redirects have been picked up and processed.

Internal links

It matters how you link to pages. Internal links are another canonicalization signal.

Generally, you should link to the version of a page you want to be canonical and update the links to any URLs that may have changed. However, there are exceptions to this, such as with faceted navigation. In some cases like this, what is best for users may trump what is best for SEO.

Redirects

There are several different types of redirects, and they’re all canonicalization signals. They pass PageRank and help determine which URL gets shown in Google’s index.

301s and 308s send signals forward to the new URL. 302s and some 307s send signals backwards to the redirected URL. If a 302 is left in place long enough or the URL it’s redirected to already exists, it may be treated as a 301 and send signals forward instead. It requires enough signals to flip the scale we saw earlier for canonicalization signals. As links build up, internal links are changed, sitemap URLs are updated, etc., more signals point to the new URL than the old URL, and the flip occurs.

At some point the scale flips for 302s

A 307 has two different cases. In cases where it’s a temporary redirect, it will be treated the same as a 302 and attempt to consolidate backward. When web servers require clients to only use HTTPS connections (HSTS policy), Google won’t see the 307 because it’s cached in the browser. The initial hit (without cache) will have a server response code that’s likely a 301 or a 302. But your browser will show you a 307 for subsequent requests.

There are also other types of redirects like those implemented with JavaScript. These are also canonicalization signals and pass the full value just like other redirects as long as they can be seen and processed by Google. They’re fine to use in most cases.

Your main source of truth for what Google chose as the canonical will be the URL Inspection tool in Google Search Console. Enter the URL, and it will show what the declared canonical is and what Google chose as the canonical.

If you don’t have access to Google Search Console, the recommended way to check the version of a page Google has indexed is to paste the URL into Google. The top result is usually the canonical.

Similarly, if you check the cached version of a page in Google and a different page is shown, Google has selected a different version of the page.

Warning: Don’t use site: searches for checking canonicals. It shows what Google knows about, not necessarily what’s indexed or the selected canonical.

Within Site Audit, we show many issues related to canonicalization. Keep in mind that we’re flagging best practices in most cases. Because the canonical is a hint, Google and other search engines will have to choose which version of a page to index.

Even if your website has lots of issues related to canonicalization, search engines may be able to figure out what version should be indexed and where they should consolidate signals. It may not create any real problems for them.

Fun fact. When running a Site Audit, we only count the canonical version of pages as crawl credits. Some other tools count every version of a page towards the credits. On many sites, this can eat multiple credits per page!

There’s a lot that can go wrong with canonicalization. Let’s look at some common mistakes.

Mistake #1: Blocking the canonicalized URL via robots.txt

Blocking a URL in robots.txt prevents Google from crawling it, meaning that they cannot see any canonical tags on that page. That, in turn, prevents them from transferring any “link equity” from the non-canonical to the canonical.

Unless you have a crawl budget issue, it’s probably better to let all the signals consolidate. Even if you’re going to block or noindex some versions, you still may want to check for versions with links that you should canonicalize instead. However, as Google tends to crawl non-canonical pages less over time, you may just want to wait.

Mistake #2: Setting the canonicalized URL to ‘noindex’

Never mix noindex and rel=canonical. They’re contradictory instructions.

As John Mueller states, Google will usually prioritize the canonical tag over the ‘noindex’ tag.

Mistake #3: Setting a 4XX HTTP status code for the canonicalized URL

Setting a 4XX HTTP status code for a canonicalized URL has the same effect as using the ‘noindex’ tag: Google will be unable to see the canonical tag and transfer “link equity” to the canonical version.

Mistake #4: Canonicalizing all paginated pages to the root page

Paginated pages should not be canonicalized to the first paginated page in the series. Instead, self-referencing canonicals should be used on all paginated pages.

Why? As Google’s John Mueller stated on Reddit, this is improper use of the rel=canonical.

The main thing to avoid, since this post is about canonicalization, is to use the rel=canonical on page 2 pointing to page 1. Page 2 isn’t equivalent to page 1, so the rel=canonical like that would be incorrect. 

We have a guide on pagination for SEO and best practices if you’re interested.

Mistake #5: Don’t use the URL removal tool in Google Search Console for canonicalization.

This can remove all versions of a URL, effectively deindexing your page from search.

Mistake #6: Not keeping canonicalization signals consistent.

As we talked about earlier, there are many different canonicalization signals.

Having different signals suggest different canonicals means that you will be relying on Google to select a canonical for you. The more consistent signals you show them with your preferred version, the more likely it is that version will be the chosen canonical.

Mistake #7: Not using canonical tags with hreflang

Hreflang tags specify the language and geographical targeting of a webpage.

Google states that when using hreflang, you should “specify a canonical page in the same language, or the best possible substitute language if a canonical doesn’t exist for the same language.”

Mistake #8: Having multiple rel=canonical tags

Having multiple rel=canonical tags will usually cause Google to ignore them. In many cases, this happens because tags are inserted into a system at different points, such as by the CMS, the theme, and plugin(s). This is why many plugins have an overwrite option meant to ensure they are the only source for canonical tags.

Another area where this might be a problem is with canonicals added with JavaScript. If you have no canonical URL specified in the HTML response and then add a rel=canonical tag with JavaScript, it should be respected when Google renders the page. However, if you have a canonical specified in HTML and swap the preferred version with JavaScript, you send mixed signals to Google.

Mistake #9: Rel=canonical in the <body>

Rel=canonical should only appear in the <head> of a document. A canonical tag in the <body> section of a page will be ignored.

Where this can become a problem is with the parsing of a document. Even if the page’s source code has the rel=canonical tag in the correct place, many different things such as unclosed tags, JavaScript injected, or <iframes> in the <head> section can cause the <head> to end prematurely while rendering. In these cases, a canonical tag may be accidentally thrown into the <body> of a rendered page where it will not be respected.

Final thoughts

Many of the tools SEOs had for handling canonicalization have been taken away, such as the URL Parameters Tool and Preferred Domain setting in Google Search Console. However, there are still plenty of other signals to help Google choose a canonical.

If you have questions, message me on Twitter.