SEO

Understanding & Optimizing Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)

Published

21 hours ago

August 4, 2024

Max

Understanding & Optimizing Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS)

Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) is a Google Core Web Vitals metric that measures a user experience event.

CLS became a ranking factor in 2021 and that means it’s important to understand what it is and how to optimize for it.

What Is Cumulative Layout Shift?

CLS is the unexpected shifting of webpage elements on a page while a user is scrolling or interacting on the page

The kinds of elements that tend to cause shift are fonts, images, videos, contact forms, buttons, and other kinds of content.

Minimizing CLS is important because pages that shift around can cause a poor user experience.

A poor CLS score (below > 0.1 ) is indicative of coding issues that can be solved.

What Causes CLS Issues?

There are four reasons why Cumulative Layout Shift happens:

Images without dimensions.
Ads, embeds, and iframes without dimensions.
Dynamically injected content.
Web Fonts causing FOIT/FOUT.
CSS or JavaScript animations.

Images and videos must have the height and width dimensions declared in the HTML. For responsive images, make sure that the different image sizes for the different viewports use the same aspect ratio.

Let’s dive into each of these factors to understand how they contribute to CLS.

Images Without Dimensions

Browsers cannot determine the image’s dimensions until they download them. As a result, upon encountering anHTML tag, the browser can’t allocate space for the image. The example video below illustrates that.

Once the image is downloaded, the browser needs to recalculate the layout and allocate space for the image to fit, which causes other elements on the page to shift.

By providing width and height attributes in the tag, you inform the browser of the image’s aspect ratio. This allows the browser to allocate the correct amount of space in the layout before the image is fully downloaded and prevents any unexpected layout shifts.

Ads Can Cause CLS

If you load AdSense ads in the content or leaderboard on top of the articles without proper styling and settings, the layout may shift.

This one is a little tricky to deal with because ad sizes can be different. For example, it may be a 970×250 or 970×90 ad, and if you allocate 970×90 space, it may load a 970×250 ad and cause a shift.

In contrast, if you allocate a 970×250 ad and it loads a 970×90 banner, there will be a lot of white space around it, making the page look bad.

It is a trade-off, either you should load ads with the same size and benefit from increased inventory and higher CPMs or load multiple-sized ads at the expense of user experience or CLS metric.

Dynamically Injected Content

This is content that is injected into the webpage.

For example, posts on X (formerly Twitter), which load in the content of an article, may have arbitrary height depending on the post content length, causing the layout to shift.

Of course, those usually are below the fold and don’t count on the initial page load, but if the user scrolls fast enough to reach the point where the X post is placed and it hasn’t yet loaded, then it will cause a layout shift and contribute into your CLS metric.

One way to mitigate this shift is to give the average min-height CSS property to the tweet parent div tag because it is impossible to know the height of the tweet post before it loads so we can pre-allocate space.

Another way to fix this is to apply a CSS rule to the parent div tag containing the tweet to fix the height.

#tweet-div {
max-height: 300px;
overflow: auto;
}

However, it will cause a scrollbar to appear, and users will have to scroll to view the tweet, which may not be best for user experience.

If none of the suggested methods works, you could take a screenshot of the tweet and link to it.

Web-Based Fonts

Downloaded web fonts can cause what’s known as Flash of invisible text (FOIT).

A way to prevent that is to use preload fonts

and using font-display: swap; css property on @font-face at-rule.

@font-face {
   font-family: Inter;
   font-style: normal;
   font-weight: 200 900;
   font-display: swap;
   src: url('https://www.example.com/fonts/inter.woff2') format('woff2');
}

With these rules, you are loading web fonts as quickly as possible and telling the browser to use the system font until it loads the web fonts. As soon as the browser finishes loading the fonts, it swaps the system fonts with the loaded web fonts.

However, you may still have an effect called Flash of Unstyled Text (FOUT), which is impossible to avoid when using non-system fonts because it takes some time until web fonts load, and system fonts will be displayed during that time.

In the video below, you can see how the title font is changed by causing a shift.

The visibility of FOUT depends on the user’s connection speed if the recommended font loading mechanism is implemented.

If the user’s connection is sufficiently fast, the web fonts may load quickly enough and eliminate the noticeable FOUT effect.

Therefore, using system fonts whenever possible is a great approach, but it may not always be possible due to brand style guidelines or specific design requirements.

CSS Or JavaScript Animations

When animating HTML elements’ height via CSS or JS, for example, it expands an element vertically and shrinks by pushing down content, causing a layout shift.

To prevent that, use CSS transforms by allocating space for the element being animated. You can see the difference between CSS animation, which causes a shift on the left, and the same animation, which uses CSS transformation.

CSS animation example causing CLS

How Cumulative Layout Shift Is Calculated

This is a product of two metrics/events called “Impact Fraction” and “Distance Fraction.”

CLS = ( Impact Fraction)×( Distance Fraction)

Impact Fraction

Impact fraction measures how much space an unstable element takes up in the viewport.

A viewport is what you see on the mobile screen.

When an element downloads and then shifts, the total space that the element occupies, from the location that it occupied in the viewport when it’s first rendered to the final location when the page is rendered.

The example that Google uses is an element that occupies 50% of the viewport and then drops down by another 25%.

When added together, the 75% value is called the Impact Fraction, and it’s expressed as a score of 0.75.

Distance Fraction

The second measurement is called the Distance Fraction. The distance fraction is the amount of space the page element has moved from the original to the final position.

In the above example, the page element moved 25%.

So now the Cumulative Layout Score is calculated by multiplying the Impact Fraction by the Distance Fraction:

0.75 x 0.25 = 0.1875

The calculation involves some more math and other considerations. What’s important to take away from this is that the score is one way to measure an important user experience factor.

Here is an example video visually illustrating what impact and distance factors are:

Understand Cumulative Layout Shift

Understanding Cumulative Layout Shift is important, but it’s not necessary to know how to do the calculations yourself.

However, understanding what it means and how it works is key, as this has become part of the Core Web Vitals ranking factor.

More resources:

Featured image credit: BestForBest/Shutterstock

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Related Topics:CLS Cumulative Layout Optimizing seo Shift Understanding

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Why Search (And The User) Is Still Important To SEO

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Google Gives 5 SEO Insights On Google Trends

SEO

Why Search (And The User) Is Still Important To SEO

Published

1 hour ago

August 5, 2024

Max

Why Search (And The User) Is Still Important To SEO

Throughout every technological change, the one constant always seems to be people calling for the death of SEO and search engines.

While pundits have been quick to call for the death of SEO, SEO itself has been all too reluctant to die. This article will look at how SEO evolves and why that makes it even more important.

Sure we could just spout some random facts about how most online purchases begin with a search and how a majority of online sessions include search – but there is a much bigger case to be made.

To fully grasp the importance of SEO and search, we first need to go back and understand both user intent (why people search) and how search engines have changed.

SEO Isn’t Dead

The “SEO is dead” articles always seem to follow a change to search that makes information easier to access for consumers. We saw it with featured snippets, we saw it with instant answers, and we’re seeing it again with AI.

We’ve also seen the “death of SEO” articles pop up around new and emerging social media sites like Meta, TikTok, X, etc – but the fact remains that overall web searches on search engines have continued to increase every year for the last decade plus.

Search isn’t dying, and new social networks or technology like AI aren’t cutting into search – they’re just making people search more. Search is becoming ingrained in (if not defining) our everyday online behavior.

While often associated, SEO is more than just building links or tricking search engines with spammy tactics. That stuff can work – temporarily – but not long-term for a real business or a brand. Sustained SEO growth needs to focus on more than keywords and tricks.

From Keywords To Intent

There’s a great quote from Bill Gates back in 2009 where he said “the future of search is verbs.”

This quote really summarizes the heart of “why” people search. People are searching to accomplish a task or do something.

It’s important that we consider this search intent when evaluating SEO and search. Not all searchers want websites. In the early days of search, links to websites were the best thing we had.

Today, however, search engines and AI are getting better at answering common questions.

For a search like [how old is taylor swift] or [when is the NHL trade deadline?] users just want an answer – without having to click over to a website, accept the cookie consent notice, close the alert popup, decline to subscribe to the newsletter, stop the auto-play video ad, and scroll past three irrelevant paragraphs to get the answer.

If creating thin ad-rich pages to answer public domain questions was your idea of SEO, then yes SEO is dead – however, SEO is much more than that now.

SEO Is Marketing

When many say search and SEO are dying, those factoid searches are the SEO they’re talking about – but there’s an entire section of search that’s thriving: The verbs!

This shift makes SEO even more important because search is no longer about the word the user typed and is all about doing actual marketing.

SEOs can help understand user intents and personas.

A good SEO professional can help you understand not only what users are searching for but “why” they’re searching – and then help marketers build something that meets the users needs.

Just as search engines have evolved, so, too, has SEO.

The days of keyword density and meta tags are gone. Search engines don’t really work like that anymore.

They’ve moved on to a semantic model that uses vectors to try to understand meaning – and marketers would do well to make the same moves by understanding their user’s intent.

Evolution Of The Consumer Journey

We typically think of the consumer journey as a funnel – but that funnel in every business school textbook doesn’t really exist. Today’s consumer journey is more like one of those crazy straws you got in a cereal box as a kid with lots of bends and loops and turns it in.

Consumers are searching more than ever across multiple devices, platforms, networks, apps, and websites. This spread-out user behavior makes having an experienced SEO pro even more important.

It’s not just about getting the right words on the page anymore, and understanding user intent isn’t enough – we also have to understand where our users are acting on each of those intents.

Technical Still Matters, Too

Despite many platforms and frameworks claiming to be SEO-friendly, technical SEO issues and opportunities still remain abundant.

Most of today’s most popular website frameworks aren’t very SEO-friendly out of the box and still require customization and tweaking to really drive results.

There still isn’t a one size fits all solution and I’m not sure there ever will be.

A good SEO will help you ensure that there aren’t confusing duplicate versions of pages, that the pages you want to be seen are all easily understood by search engines, and that your re-design or re-platform won’t hurt your existing traffic.

So Why Is Search Still Important?

Search is important because users are important.

Sure, users are going to different platforms or using apps/AI – but those things are still technically a search and we still need to make sure that they’re surfacing our brands/products.

It doesn’t matter if the user is typing into a web form, talking to a device, asking an AI, using their camera, or even talking into a smart pin – they’re still trying to “do” something – and as long as users have tasks to accomplish, SEO pros will be there to influence them.

More resources:

Featured Image: Accogliente Design/Shutterstock

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SEO

Google Gives 5 SEO Insights On Google Trends

Published

2 days ago

August 4, 2024

Max

Google provides 5 insights about their Trends Tool and SEO

Google published a video that disclosed five insights about Google Trends that could be helpful for SEO, topic research and debugging issues with search rankings. The video was hosted by Daniel Waisberg, a Search Advocate at Google.

1. What Does Google Trends Offer?

Google Trends is an official tool created by Google that shows a representation of how often people search with certain keyword phrases and how those searches have changed over time. It’s not only helpful for discovering time-based changes in search queries but it also segments queries by geographic popularity which is useful for learning who to focus content for (or even to learn what geographic areas may be best to get links from).

This kind of information is invaluable for debugging why a site may have issues with organic traffic as it can show seasonal and consumer trends.

2. Google Trends Only Uses A Sample Of Data

An important fact about Google Trends that Waisberg shared is that the data that Google Trends reports on is based on a statistically significant but random sample of actual search queries.

He said:

“Google Trends is a tool that provides a random sample of aggregated, anonymized and categorized Google searches.”

This does not mean that the data is less accurate. The phrase statistically significant means that the data is representative of the actual search queries.

The reason Google uses a sample is that they have an enormous amount of data and it’s simply faster to work with samples that are representative of actual trends.

3. Google Cleans Noise In The Trends Data

Daniel Waisberg also said that Google cleans the data to remove noise and data that relates to user privacy.

“The search query data is processed to remove noise in the data and also to remove anything that might compromise a user’s privacy.”

An example of private data that is removed is the full names of people. An example of “noise” in the data are search queries made by the same person over and over, using the example of a trivial search for how to boil eggs that a person makes every morning.

That last one, about people repeating a search query is interesting because back in the early days of SEO, before Google Trends existed, SEOs used a public keyword volume tool by Overture (owned by Yahoo). Some SEOs poisoned the data by making thousands of searches for keyword phrases that were rarely queried by users, inflating the query volume, so that competitors would focus on optimizing on the useless keywords.

4. Google Normalizes Google Trends Data?

Google doesn’t show actual search query volume like a million queries per day for one query and 200,000 queries per day for another. Instead Google will select the point where a keyword phrase is searched the most and use that as the 100% mark and then adjust the Google Trends graph to percentages that are relative to that high point. So if the most searches a query gets in a day is 1 million, then a day in which it gets searched 500,000 times will be represented on the graph as 50%. This is what it means that Google Trends data is normalized.

5. Explore Search Queries And Topics

SEOs have focused on optimizing for keywords for over 25 years. But Google has long moved beyond keywords and has been labeling documents by the topics and even by queries they are relevant to (which also relates more to topics than keywords).

That’s why in my opinion one of the most useful offerings is the ability to explore the topic that’s related to the entity of the search query. Exploring the topic shows the query volume of all the related keywords.

The “explore by topic” tool arguably offers a more accurate idea of how popular a topic is, which is important because Google’s algorithms, machine learning systems, and AI models create representations of content at the sentence, paragraph and document level, representations that correspond to topics. I believe that’s what is one of the things referred to when Googlers talk about Core Topicality Systems.

Waisberg explained:

“Now, back to the Explore page. You’ll notice that, sometimes, in addition to a search term, you get an option to choose a topic. For example, when you type “cappuccino,” you can choose either the search term exactly matching “cappuccino” or the “cappuccino coffee drink” topic, which is the group of search terms that relate to that entity. These will include the exact term as well as misspellings. The topic also includes acronyms, and it covers all languages, which can be very useful, especially when looking at global data.

Using topics, you also avoid including terms that are unrelated to your interests. For example, if you’re looking at the trends for the company Alphabet, you might want to choose the Alphabet Inc company topic. If you just type “alphabet,” the trends will also include a lot of other meanings, as you can see in this example.”

Related: 12 Ways to Use Google Trends

The Big Picture

One of the interesting facts revealed in this video is that Google isn’t showing normalized actual search trends, that it’s showing a normalized “statistically significant” sample of the actual search trends. A statistically significant sample is one in which random chance is not a factor and thus represents the actual search trends.

The other noteworthy takeaway is the reminder that Google Trends is useful for exploring topics, which in my opinion is far more useful than Google Suggest and People Also Ask (PAA) data.

I have seen evidence that slavish optimization with Google Suggest and PAA data can make a website appear to be optimizing for search engines and not for people, which is something that Google explicitly cautions against. Those who were hit by the recent Google Updates should think hard about the implications of what their SEO practices in relation to keywords.

Exploring and optimizing with topics won’t behind statistical footprints of optimizing for search engines because the authenticity of content based on topics will always shine through.

Watch the Google Trends video:

Intro to Google Trends data

Featured Image by Shutterstock/Luis Molinero

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SEO

Facebook Attracts Gen Z Users While TikTok’s Boomer Audience Grows

Published

2 days ago

August 3, 2024

Max

Facebook Attracts Gen Z Users While TikTok's Boomer Audience Grows

According to a recent report by eMarketer, Facebook is experiencing a resurgence among Gen Z users, while TikTok is gaining traction with baby boomers.

Despite these shifts, both platforms maintain a stable core user base.

Facebook’s Gen Z Renaissance

Facebook’s seeing unexpected Gen Z growth despite overall decline. U.S. Gen Z users are projected to increase from 49.0% (33.9M) in 2024 to 56.9% (40.5M) by 2028.

Key drivers:

Utility: Event planning, niche groups, and Marketplace appeal to younger users.
Demo shift: ~36% of Gen Z are still under 18, many just entering the social media space.

E-commerce potential strong: 75.0% of Gen Z Facebook users (15-26) bought on Marketplace last year.

However, Gen Z still trails Gen X and millennials in user numbers and time spent on the platform. Interestingly, time on Facebook is decreasing for users under 55, suggesting a shift in how younger generations interact with the platform.

TikTok’s Boomer Boom

TikTok’s Gen Z market is saturated, but it’s seeing surprising growth among boomers.

Projections show a 10.5% increase in U.S. boomer users next year, from 8.7M to 9.7M.

This modest uptick underscores TikTok’s accessibility and its appeal to older adults who want to stay culturally relevant and connected with younger relatives.

While boomers are the fastest-growing demographic, TikTok adoption rates are rising steadily across all generations, indicating the platform’s broad appeal.

Shifting Social Media Landscape

Facebook use continues to decrease across all generations except Gen Z, highlighting the platform’s evolving role in the social media ecosystem.

This trend, coupled with TikTok’s growth among older users, suggests a blurring of generational lines in social media usage. Platforms that can adapt to changing user demographics while maintaining their core appeal will be best positioned for long-term success.

Implications For Marketers

Platforms and users are constantly changing. Brands must adapt or risk losing ground to competitors.

TikTok’s boomer growth opens up new avenues for brands targeting older demographics, but marketers should be mindful of the platform’s primarily young user base.

For Facebook marketers, the growing Gen Z user base presents new opportunities, especially in e-commerce via Marketplace. However, decreasing time spent on the platform means content needs to be more engaging and targeted.

Action items:

Audit strategy: Check content appeal across age groups and platforms.
Diversify: Create multi-faceted strategies for different demographics while maintaining brand identity.
Leverage analytics: Track engagement by age group and adjust tactics.
Test and optimize: Experiment with content formats and messaging for each platform.
Stay current: Follow platform updates and demographic trends.

Stay flexible and update strategies as user demographics and preferences change.

Brands that can reach across generations while respecting platform-specific norms will likely see the most success in this changing landscape.

Screenshot from: Halfpoint/Shutterstock

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